As we are analyzing survival rates, a geometric mean is better used to describe average effects. By weighting the geometric mean with constellation sizes, we get: \begin{align} R_G = \exp \left[ \frac{1}{S_t} \sum^N_{j=1} s_t^j \ln(1-l^j(s^j_t,S_t,D_t)) \right] \end{align} The marginal effect is assumed to be negative, thus- \begin{align} 0 > \parder{R_G}{s^i_t}{} =& \exp \left[ \frac{1}{S_t} \sum^N_{j=1} s_t^j \ln(1-l^j(s^j_t,S_t,D_t)) \right] \left[ \parder{}{s^i_t}{} \frac{1}{S_t} \sum^N_{j=1} s_t^j \ln(1-l^j(s^j_t,S_t,D_t)) \right] \\ 0 > \parder{R_G}{s^i_t}{} =& \frac{R_G}{S_t^2} \left[ S^t- \left( \ln(1-l^i)- - \frac{s^i_t}{1-l^i} \parder{l^i}{s^i_t}{} - \sum^N_{j=1} \frac{s^j_t}{1-l^j} \parder{l^j}{S_t}{} \right)- - \sum^N_{j=1} s_t^j \ln(1-l^j) \right] \\ 0 > \parder{R_G}{s^i_t}{} =& \frac{R_G}{S_t^2} \left[ S^t- \left( \ln(R_i)- - \frac{s^i_t}{1-l^i} \parder{l^i}{s^i_t}{} - \sum^N_{j=1} \frac{s^j_t}{1-l^j} \parder{l^j}{S_t}{} \right)- - \sum^N_{j=1} s_t^j \ln(R_j) \right] \\ 0 > & \ln R_i - \frac{s^i_t}{1-l^i} \parder{l^i}{s^i_t}{} - \sum^N_{j=1} \frac{s^j_t}{1-l^j} \parder{l^j}{S_t}{} - \sum^N_{j=1} \frac{s_t^j}{S_t} \ln(R_j) \\ 0 > & \ln R_i - \frac{s^i_t}{1-l^i} \parder{l^i}{s^i_t}{} - \sum^N_{j=1} \frac{s^j_t}{1-l^j} \parder{l^j}{S_t}{} - \ln R_G \\ \ln \frac{R_G}{R_i} =& \ln R_G - \ln R_i > - \frac{s^i_t}{1-l^i} \parder{l^i}{s^i_t}{} - \sum^N_{j=1} \frac{s^j_t}{1-l^j} \parder{l^j}{S_t}{}-- \end{align}